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A USER'S GUIDE TO TEC/DATAMEDIA TV-EDIT
***************************************
by Pentti Kanerva
Institute for Mathematical Studies
in the Social Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, California
July 1973
Revised October 1974
Last lesser editing 6-Oct-75
Page 1
<DOCUMENTATION>TVEDIT.MANUAL
HINT: The following commands allow you to read this manual using
TV-Edit ("$" stands for typing the 'ESC' or 'ALT MODE' before
typing the command character(s)):
$W to read the next window,
$-W to read the previous window,
$10G to go to page 10, and
$$F to finish (notice, TWO ESCs and an F).
To suppress printing, type (CRLT)-O (useful on slow terminals).
CONTENTS
-------- Page
0. BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TV-Edit Documentation, 3
Assumptions of This Manual, 4
1. STARTING AND FINISHING . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Starting, 5
Place List, .PL Files, 5, 6
Write Mode, Read-Only Mode, 6
What Is Shown on the Screen, 7
TEC and DATAMEDIA Keyboards, 8
Main Board, "Extra" Keys, 8, 9, 10
Editor Commands, Notation, 10
Finishing, Save-and-Continue, 12
2. VIEWING AND POINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Viewing a File, 13
Moving the Cursor, 14
3. WRITING AND MODIFYING . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Writing and Overtyping, 16
Deleting, 16
Inserting, Insert Mode, 17
Page Marks, 18
Page 2
4. MORE POWER TO YOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Aborting, 19
Suppress Output, 19
Repeating the Last Command, 20
Obtaining Information, 20
Upper and Lower Case, 21
Lowercase Punctuation: `{|}~, 22
Entering Arbitrary Characters, 23
Searching, 23
Search-and-Delete, 24
Recovering, 25
Breaking and Joining of Lines, 26
Moving Text, 26
Command Strings, 27
Saving and Loading of Sets of Strings, 28
5. WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR DIRECTORY AND FILES . . 30
6. IN CASE OF TROUBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
APPENDIX I. Notation Used in This Manual . . . . 32
APPENDIX II. TEC/DATAMEDIA TV-Edit Commands . . 33
Page 3
0. BACKGROUND
==========
TV-Edit is a page-oriented text editor. It was originally writ-
ten for the IMSSS/Stanford AI Project PDP-1 computer and Philco dis-
plays by Brian Tolliver in 1965(?). Four of its "descendants", all
written for the PDP-10, are currently in use at Stanford: two at the
AI Project use the DATA-DISC display system; one at IMSSS (by John
Prebus, since 1970) uses the IMLAC PDS-1 display computer; and the
present one at IMSSS and SUMEX (by Pentti Kanerva, since 1972) with
versions for TEC Series 400 and DATAMEDIA Elite 2500 displays.
TV-Edit provides a window into a user's text file, with a sec-
tion of the file (23 lines on TECs and DATAMEDIAs) displayed at once.
Commands exist for moving this window to different parts of the file
and for altering text in the current window. When an editor command
is typed, the window is immediately updated to show the effect of the
command on the text.
While editing, the user need not to concern himself with writ-
ing the current window, or some internal text buffer, back on the
physical records of the file. These manipulations are done auto-
matically by the editor program. 'Finish' is the only command where
physical file updating is explicitly specified by the user.
Particular attention has been given to the amount of typing ne-
cessary to perform an editing function. Many commands require the
typing of just one character. Frequently used sequences of commands
and/or text can be defined as strings (macros), and reproduced by typ-
ing only the string call character.
As a rule, commands are entered "in the dark", i.e., the command
characters themselves are not displayed as they are typed in. How-
ever, once a command is completely entered, its effect on the file is
immediately visible. This instant feedback is invaluable in learning
to use the editor and in assuring the user that the right things are
happening to his file.
TV-Edit Documentation
-- ---- -------------
The present manual, <DOCUMENTATION>TVEDIT.MANUAL
describes how to use TEC/DATAMEDIA TV-Edit. Chapters 1-3 give the
basics of TV-editing, Chapter 4 deals with the more advanced features
of the editor.
Recent changes are reported in TV News or Updates, available
through option "*" of the editor, or in <DOCUMENTATION>TVEDIT.UPDATE
No implementation manual for the editor exists.
Page 4
Assumptions of This Manual
----------- -- ---- ------
Basic knowledge of how to use the timesharing system is assumed.
At the least you must know how to log in and have a general idea of
what a file is. In addition, we assume that you want to do one of
the following using the editor: (a) create a new file and write a
few lines of text in it; (b) modify an old file (correct a mispeling,
for instance); or (c) read an old file (the TV-Edit news file, for
instance).
Page 5
1. STARTING AND FINISHING
======== === =========
Starting
--------
To use the editor, you must log in on a TEC or DATAMEDIA terminal
and call for the editor program. Calling and starting the editor is
explained below by means of an example. We assume that you want to
create a new file, give it the name "FILE1", and start writing in it.
In the example computer dialog is indented, 'CR' stands for the (Car-
riage) Return key, 'ESC' for the Escape key (labeled "ALT MODE" or
"ENTER" on some keyboards), and your replies are indicated by an un-
derline. To start, type
↑C
@TVEDIT 'CR'
-----------
i.e., you should type the word "TVEDIT" and then the RETURN key.
T V - E D I T
( ? for help, ↑ to start over)
(File name, *, or :) FILE1 'CR' [New File] 'CR'
---------- ----
You can enter the file name using the TENEX file name recogni-
tion feature. The file must be a disk file. New files are created
in the connected directory only.
The second 'CR' confirms the file name, but it also lets you re-
view the standard options. For a fast start with standard options,
confirm with an 'ESC' instead.
In place of the file name, you can type "*" to read the latest
News, ":" to read this manual, or "?" to get a help message.
When the editor is restarted and a file name appears, followed
by two slashes, as in
(File name, *, or :) FILE1.;1//,
you can either accept the file by typing 'CR' or 'ESC', or reject it
by typing the name of another file.
PLACE LIST. The program asks for a list of places to edit:
(Page.Line) 1// 'CR'
----
Page 5:1
Typing 'CR' means that you accept the list that appears to the left
of the double slash "//". The editor program will take you to the
first place in the list, and while editing, you can progress through
Page 6
the list by using the "@" command. The place list has no significance
when creating a new file.
A place is specified by a page number, or by a page number, dot,
line number. Use spaces or commas between places in the list, 'CR'
or 'ESC' to terminate the list. Example:
(Page.Line) 1// 3 7.11 22.45,10.10 'CR'
-----------------------
.PL FILES. The place list can also be read from a file. For
the file "FILE1" the name of the place list file must be "#FILE1.PL"
and for "FILE1.A" it must be "#FILE1-A.PL". Such files are created
by the "(.PL)" option of the SEARCH program. See:
<DOCUMENTATION>SEARCH.MANUAL for a description of the SEARCH program).
The editor reads the first page (up to first Form Feed character), but
not more than 1000 characters, of the .PL file. To read the list from
a file, type "@" at the "(Page.Line)" request.
Next comes a request for editing mode:
(Mode: L, U, or R) L// 'CR'
----
On DATAMEDIAs the usual choice is L for writing and modifying text.
The distinction between L and U is important on uppercase-only
terminals such as the TEC. Even though TEC displays everything in
upper case, the text in your file can be in either upper or lower case.
Here you are asked to specify the case that you MOSTLY use in entering
text in the file. The "L" of the example means that you plan to type
mainly in lower case. On a TEC terminal, occasional uppercase letters
for capitalizing sentences and proper names, for instance, are entered
by using the various case-shifting commands of the editor.
WRITE MODE. Options "L" and "U" imply that you want to write,
i.e., that the file will be modified. However, if the file is not
your own (not in connected directory), a file with the same name is
created in your directory, leaving the original file intact.
READ-ONLY MODE. Option "R", for "Read-Only Mode", allows you to
view the contents of the file, but protects against accidental modifi-
cation. In addition to safety, read-only mode is considerably faster.
Its use is recommended whenever you do not intend to write or modify
a file.
Page 7
USE OF 'CR' AND 'ESC', DEFAULT VALUES. Some questions come with
a default option. The default is displayed to the left of the double
slash "//", and you can accept it by typing only 'CR' or 'ESC'. To
reject it, simply type your answer. Terminating an answer with 'ESC'
means to use the default answers for all remaining questions. A fast
way to start is to confirm the file name with an 'ESC'.
USE OF "?" AND "↑". Any question in the starting dialog can be
answered by typing the question mark "?". The editor then prints a
message explaining the available alternatives and repeats the ques-
tion. Replying with "↑" takes back to the first question allowing
the review and changing of options.
Once the file name and options are accepted, the first 23 lines
of the file "FILE1" appear on the screen. If FILE1 is a new file,
it is perfectly safe to start typing and experimenting with the edi-
tor. Straight typing should raise no major questions. Changing text
that is already on the screen, however, requires knowledge of editor
commands. Most of this manual is devoted to describing these com-
mands, but first we concern ourselves with what is shown on the
screen and how the keyboard is laid out.
What Is Shown on the Screen
---- -- ----- -- --- ------
WINDOW. You can think of the screen as a window to your file.
Up to 23 lines of the file are shown at once. To view successive win-
dows, type 'ESC' followed by the letter "W".
MESSAGE LINE. The topmost line (Line 0) is not part of the file
but is information about the file and the editor. It gives the page
and line numbers of window line 1, current editing modes, and mes-
sages from the editor. Possible editing mode letters are
I insert mode,
R read-only mode,
L lowercase input mode, and
U uppercase input mode.
If the program was started according to the sample protocol above, the
message line should contain the following (TECs show a BOX character
in place of the "*"):
****P.1***L.1**** L *******
meaning that top of window is page 1 line 1, and keyboard input mode
is lowercase mode.
TEXT LINES, SPECIAL CHARACTERS. All text is displayed in upper
case on TECs. Characters that have no graphic representation (i.e.,
control characters) are indicated by an all-bright "BOX" character on
TECs, "*" on DATAMEDIAs. The ESC is displayed as "$".
Page 8
MARGINS AND LONG LINES. At each end of a text line there is a
colon ":" or an asterisk "*" indicating the edge of the window. An
"*" means that the line continues past the edge of the window. To
demonstrate, the line below has 94 characters:
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]↑←`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
On your listing it might appear as two lines, but on the display the
right end of the line is hidden. Initially the window width is 72
(77 at SUMEX). You can set it to any value n from 1 to 78 (1 to 77
for DATAMEDIAs) by using the "$$nX" command.
PAGE MARKS. In addition to genuine text lines, a text file can
contain page marks which are displayed as page mark lines. Notice
that the "P" of a page mark line is aligned with the colons of the left
margin. Page marks can be inserted and deleted. No other editing of
page mark lines is possible.
INDICATOR LINES. Equals sign "=" at left and right margins in-
dicates an indicator line that is produced by the "$$=" command (ex-
plained later on).
END OF FILE. Letter "E" at left margin indicates end of file.
CURSOR. There is one special underline called the cursor. Its
function is to point. At any one time the cursor points at a charac-
ter, a word, a line, and a page. These are called the CURRENT char-
acter/word/line/page, respectively.
TEC and DATAMEDIA Keyboards
--- --- --------- ---------
The keyboards have a main board, a 15-key pad to the right of the
main board, and one or two EDIT keys beside the space bar. DATAMEDIAs
have additional keys above and to the left of the main board.
MAIN BOARD. The main board resembles the Model-33 Teletype key-
board. It contains all the keys that are necessary for editing with
TV-Edit. The additional keys are used to make editing more convenient.
Most keys generate characters by themselves (letters, numbers,
space, carriage return, etc.). Five keys don't, but are held de-
pressed while other characters are typed. They are:
SHIFT The two shift keys resemble typewriter shift keys.
However, on uppercase-only terminals (TECs) they are
NOT used to generate selectively upper- and lowercase
letters.
Page 8:1
CTRL Control key (two on DATAMEDIAs). Causes non-printing
control characters to be generated. Some control
characters, e.g., (CTRL)-I for TAB, have predefined
meanings, others can be given meanings by the user
(see section on Command Strings).
Page 9
EDIT One (orange key) on TECs, two on DATAMEDIAs. Used
for generating editing commands.
REPEAT For repeated generation of a character.
Several of the "regular" keys deserve mention:
ESC Escape, referred to also as "ALT MODE" ("ENTER" on
(ALT MODE) some keyboards). Represented in this manual by
(ENTER) "$". It tells the editor program that an editing
command is about to be typed.
CR Carriage Return signifies end of line.
(RETURN)
LF Line Feed moves cursor down.
DEL Delete key. Also called "RUBOUT". Its main function
(RUBOUT) in the editor is backspacing.
BREAK The Break key has no function in the editor.
TAB On TECs you might be fooled into believing that TAB
is (SHIFT)-I. Actually it is (CTRL)-I.--Both key-
boards have also a dedicated TAB key.
← On TECs the underline (left arrow in 1965 ASCII) is
generated by (SHIFT)-O (the letter "O"). The key
caps in no way indicate this fact.--Both keyboards
have also a dedicated "←" key.
"EXTRA" KEYS of the TEC keyboard (15-KEY PAD). The 5 x 3 pad
on the right can be used for typing the characters shown in Table 1.
These characters can, of course, be typed on the main board, but
there you have to use the SHIFT or CTRL keys for them.
TABLE 1. TEC 15-Key Pad
TAB ← CALL
[ \ ]
( ↑ )
< = >
(1) LF HOLD
NOTE: (1) SHIFT/SHIFT LOCK in TEC version of TV-Edit.
TECHNICAL NOTE: These keys actually generate lowercase letters that
are TEC display hardware commands. They are translated into the char-
acters shown in Table 1 by IMSSS TENEX and the TV-Edit program.
Page 10
"EXTRA" KEYS of the DATAMEDIA keyboard. The 15-key pad on the
right generates characters as labeled on the key caps. The 5-key ver-
tical column on the left generates the following control characters
(from top to bottom): ↑L, ↑\, ↑], ↑↑, and ↑A, octal values 14,
34, 35, 36, and 1, respectively. The 7 keys in the top row are labeled
according to their effect on the terminal. DPLX and TAPE keys are
local only, and they control the FULL DUPLEX and TAPE lights. MSTR
CLEAR, CLEAR, ROLL, and UNLOCK keys transmit control characters to the
PDP-10. If the terminal is in half duplex (FULL DUPLEX light is off
--use the DPLX key to turn it on or off), these keys also perform the
indicated control functions.
In normal use (TTY mode) ROLL and FULL DUPLEX lights should be
on, and TAPE and I/D lights should be off. While editing with TV-Edit,
FULL DUPLEX light must be on and TAPE light must be off.
Editor Commands, Notation
------ -------- --------
The general rule of TV-Edit is that straight typing goes to the
text file as such, unless you are in read-only mode, in which case
straight typing is ignored. To do anything else, you have to type
EDITOR COMMANDS. These commands allow you to move the cursor within
the current window (pointing), view the file through successive win-
dows, search for characters and words, insert, delete, replace, and
rearrange text (if in write mode), and, of course, finish the edit
and save your work on a disk file.
There are two ways to tell the editor that you are typing a
COMMAND instead of ordinary text:
1. by typing an 'ESC' and then the command, or
2. by typing the command while depressing the EDIT key.
The first method always works. The second is more convenient, but
for some commands must be complemented by the first.
NOTATION. Suppose you are editing an old file, have read the
current window, and now want to see the next window and then proceed
reading the file from the beginning of page 3. You should type:
'ESC' W or (EDIT)-W to see the next window,
'ESC' 3G or (EDIT)-3G to go to page 3.
Page 10:1
'ESC' W means to type the ESC key and then type the letter "W";
(EDIT)-W means to hold down the EDIT key while typing "W". In the
rest of this manual typing 'ESC' (i.e., the ALT MODE) is indicated
by the dollar sign "$". Typing something with the EDIT key down is
indicated by enclosing that something in brackets "[" and "]". Thus
the above two commands will henceforth be written as:
$W or [W]
$3G or [3G]
Page 11
It should be pointed out that
$3G $3$G [3G] and [3]G
are typed differently but mean the same thing in the editor.
In general, TV-Edit commands can be thought of as one-letter
commands (more precisely, one-character commands) that can take AR-
GUMENTS (modifiers). Arguments BEFORE the command letter usually
give a (repeat) COUNT; arguments AFTER the command letter specify a
TARGET. If the count is omitted, 1 is assumed (exceptions: "$G" and
"$W" commands). Example:
[3SA]
is a command to search the current line for the letter "A" (the cur-
sor moves to the right to the third "A"; "3" is the count argument,
"S" the command letter, and "A" the target.
DOUBLE ESC. Typing two ESCs before the command means one of two
things depending on the command: Either
(a) a huge count is to be used, or
(b) a different function is to be performed.
An example of the former is "$$G" or "[$G]" which takes to end of the
file; of the latter, "$$F" for finish ("$F" does nothing). Commands
for which the double ESC option signifies a different command are:
=, F, H, N, X, and Y.
These commands are explained later on.
If you start the command with two ESCs for a huge count, but
continue with an honest count, the count given will be used. Thus,
"$$3G" goes to page 3. Double ESC followed by count makes the count
sticky for the following "again" command (explained later).
FURTHER NOTATION:
'CR' Refers to typing the Carriage Return key.
'LF' Line Feed key.
'DEL' DELETE key or RUBOUT.
'SPACE' Space bar.
(CTRL)-A Control characters are typed with the aid of the
CTRL-A CONTROL key (while held depressed). Shown here
↑A are three "standard" ways of indicating CTRL-A.
<...> Brokets are sometimes used to enclose a descrip-
tion of a mandatory argument.
Page 12
(...) Parentheses are sometimes used to enclose optional
arguments or information.
"..." Double quotes are used inside text to delimit a com-
mand or a string.
WARNING: Many of the characters used in the notation are also
TV-Edit command characters (e.g., ', (, ), <, >, ↑, ", -). We rely
on the alertness and good will of the reader in deciphering the no-
tation.
Finishing, Save-and-Continue
--------- ---- --- --------
There are two ways (apart from a system crash) to get out of TV-
Edit: an orderly finish and a panicky exit. Unless you have a good
reason for doing otherwise, you should finish by giving the command
$$F -- Finish
(that's two ESCs, ALT MODEs, if you please, followed by "F"). The
program clears the screen and prints the message: ".YOU.WILL.HAVE
.TO.WAIT..". The wait is rather short for read-only mode, longer if
you were actually editing (in write mode). Once finished, the editor
program is best restarted by "CONTINUE".
The panic exit is via (CTRL)-C system call. If you type the
↑C by accident and want to return to the editor, do a "CONTINUE"
and follow it with "$$N" to refresh the screen. The "↑C" exit is
of minor consequence if you are in read-only mode, but if you are
actually editing a file, you will lose some of the work of the cur-
rent editing session.
While editing your file, the edited text is in a temporary
state and becomes permanent only when the edit is finished. A sound
practice, therefore, is for you to save your work every so often.
This is done by
$F -- save-and-continue.
Page 13
3. VIEWING AND POINTING
======= === ========
Viewing a File
------- - ----
In read-only mode, looking at your text and pointing are about
the only things you can do (it is also possible to "lift" text from
a read-only file for copying it to another file). In modifying a file,
one constantly performs the functions of viewing and pointing. This
section describes the most important commands for viewing, the next
section for pointing. You should try them out as they are introduced.
W -- Window
[W] Display the next window.
[-W] Display the previous window.
[3W] Scroll 3 lines.
G -- Go
[G] Go to (and display the beginning of) next page.
[3G] Go to page 3, line 1.
[3.45G] Go to page 3, line 45.
[.G] Go to current page, line 1.
[.45G] Go to current page, line 45.
$$G Go to end of file.
[@] Go to the next place as given by the place list.
NOTE: The place list is accepted by the editor as a
reply to the "(Page.Line)" request when starting to edit.
It can be either typed in or read from a '#name-ext.PL'
file (created by the SEARCH program).
X, Y -- set window width, height
$$11X Make the window 11 columns wide.
$$11Y Make the window 11 lines high.
The "-W" and "G" commands can cause the message ".YOU.WILL
.HAVE.TO.WAIT..." to appear. While waiting, you will notice that one
of the numbers on the message line keeps counting. It counts page
marks as they leave the program's temporary storage area. If 5 is
shown on the message line and you type "[4G]", you will have to wait
while the program does a "file wraparound" (whatever that might be).
Page 14
Moving the Cursor (Pointing)
------ --- ------ --------
To change something in your file you must first point at that
something. The cursor does the pointing, and there are a number of
commands for moving the cursor.
COMMANDS THAT MOVE THE CURSOR IRRESPECTIVE OF THE TEXT
(free cursor movement)
< -- left
[<] Move cursor left 1 position.
[22<] Move left 22 positions.
$$< Move to left margin.
[$<] Same as "$$<".
> -- right
[>] Move cursor right 1 position.
[22>] Move right 22 positions.
[$>] Move to right margin.
↑ -- up
[(n)↑] Move cursor up a line (n lines), to top line at most.
\, LF -- down
[(n)\] Move down (n) line(s), to bottom line at most.
'LF' Move down a line.
X, Y -- absolute X, Y
[55X] Move cursor to column 55 on the current line.
[11Y] Move cursor to line 11 on the current column.
COMMANDS THAT MOVE THE CURSOR WITH RESPECT TO THE TEXT
(restricted cursor movement)
SPACE -- right, by characters
['SPACE'] Point to the next character (the one on the right).
[5'SPACE'] Point to the 5th character (on the right).
[$'SPACE'] Point to end of line.
Page 15
DEL, RUBOUT -- left, by characters,
or up, by lines
'DEL' Point to the previous character.
['DEL'] Same as 'DEL' alone, except that at beginning of
line moves cursor up.
[5'DEL'] Point to the 5th character on the left or 5th line
above.
[$'DEL'] Point to the beginning of current line or page.
) -- right, by words
[)] Point to beginning of next word.
[3)] Point to beginning of 3rd word on the right.
( -- left, by words
[(] Point to the beginning of previous word.
[5(] Point to the beginning of 5th word on the left.
CR -- down (or up), by lines
'CR' Point to beginning of next line. Start a new line
if at end of file and in write mode.
['CR'] Same as 'CR' alone (no new line at end of file).
[12'CR'] Point to beginning of 12th line down.
[0'CR'] Point to beginning of current line.
[-'CR'] Point to beginning of previous line.
[$'CR'] Point to page mark at end of current page.
[$-'CR'] Point to page mark at beginning of current page.
The "<", ">", "↑", "\", ")", and "(" commands can be typed
on the 5 x 3 pad with the aid of the EDIT key. The keys are laid
out to remind you of the functions.
The commands in the first group ("<", ">", "↑", "\") observe
the window boundaries but NOT end of line and page marks. The
commands in the second group ('SPACE', "(", ")", 'DEL', 'CR') ob-
serve end of line and page marks (i.e., text) but NOT window bound-
aries. Both respect the end of file ("X" and "Y" commands don't).
Pointing by searching is discussed later.
Page 16
3. WRITING AND MODIFYING
======= === =========
Editing an old file should be attempted only after some knowledge
of the editor has been acquired by "editing" in read-only mode and by
writing on a temporary (new) file. It is possible to lose text acci-
dentally, but if noticed right away it is usually possible to recover
lost text or to "panic" exit and retain the old file. Some care is
advisable, but one need not be overly concerned.
Writing and Overtyping
------- --- ----------
Straight typing goes to the file as such. Things to notice in
straight typing are:
OVERTYPING. If you are pointing to a character and type, the
new character replaces the old. Exceptions:
1. TABs never replace other characters but are inserted in
front of them.
2. Regular characters never replace TABs (the last TAB). The
TAB is pushed to the right.
3. Insert mode, which is explained later.
LONG LINES. If you attempt to type past the right margin, the
current line is shifted to the left so that your typing position is
always visible. An attempt to enter a really long line (more than
132 characters) results in the editor's request to break that line.
When the cursor leaves a long left-shifted line, the line gets shift-
ed back.
Deleting
--------
The basic commands for DELETING are $D and $K.
D 'CR' -- Delete lines
[D'CR'] Delete the current line.
[5D'CR'] Delete 5 lines starting from the current line.
[$D'CR'] Delete down to bottom of window or next page mark,
whichever comes first.
[-3D'CR'] Delete current line and the 2 lines above.
Page 17
D 'DEL' -- Delete words
[(n)D'DEL'] Delete the current word (and n - 1 following words).
[-5D'DEL'] Delete the current word and 4 preceding words.
D <letter> -- Delete characters
K -- delete (Kill) characters
[DD] Delete current character (the second "D" could be
replaced by any letter).
[K] Same as "[DD]". This is the preferred way to delete
characters; you need to type only one letter.
[11K] Delete 11 characters.
[$K] Delete rest of current line.
[-(n)K] Delete (n) characters LEFT of the current character.
NOTE: Deleting up to a target character is often the most
efficient way of deleting. This will be explained later.
Inserting, Insert Mode
--------- ------ ----
The basic command for INSERTING is $I. Page marks are insert-
ed with the "P" command.
I -- enter Insert mode
INSERT MODE. The "I" command leaves the editor in insert mode.
This condition is indicated by a blinking "I" on the message line.
Once in insert mode, any text typed is inserted in the text instead
of overtyping old text. To leave insert mode, type any pointing
command.
Things to notice about typing in insert mode:
(a) DEL (RUBOUT key) without the EDIT key deletes the character
to the left of the cursor (the one last inserted).
(b) CR (without the EDIT key) inserts a blank line between the
current line and the one below it. An attempt to break a line into
two lines by inserting a 'CR' fails. Use the "B" command for that
(explained later).
I 'CR' -- Insert lines
Page 17:1
[I'CR'] Insert a blank line above the current line.
[5I'CR'] Push current line down 5 lines and insert 5 blank
lines.
[$I'CR'] Insert as many blank lines as there are lines from
current line to bottom of screen.
[-3I'CR'] Push current line up 3 lines and insert 3 blank lines.
Page 18
I 'DEL' -- Insert words
[I'DEL'] (Prepare to) insert text in front of the current word.
P -- insert a Page mark
[P] Insert a page mark above the current line.
Page Marks
---- -----
Page marks serve several useful functions:
(a) With the "G" command you can go quickly to the general area
where you want to edit.
(b) The page marks limit the extent of the text-sensitive com-
mands 'CR', 'DEL', D'CR', S'CR', Z'CR', and 'quote'. They can some-
times be utilized for terminating string execution. ("S", "Z", and
'quote' commands and string execution are explained later).
(c) In listing a file, page mark starts a new page.
Page marks are inserted with the "P" command, deleted with
the "D'CR'" command.
* * * * *
By now we have introduced enough commands to allow you to do
useful editing and to develop a feel for the editor. We would, in
fact, discourage the beginner from reading the rest of the manual
until he has used the editor for a while.
Once you feel that the editor program ought to do more for you,
you should read ahead. Until then it might suffice to know that
there are commands that search for characters and words, break a line
in two, join two consecutive lines, recover deleted lines and words
either at the spot where they were deleted or elsewhere on your file,
copy and move lines and words within the window, and others. The
full power of a TV-Edit is utilized only via the mechanism of (com-
mand) strings.
**** END OF BEGINNER'S MANUAL ****
Page 19
4. MORE POWER TO YOU
==== ===== == ===
The rest of this manual contains commands and information that
is helpful once you are somewhat familiar with TV-Edit.
Aborting
--------
The need for emergency exit arises in several ways:
(a) You have partially typed in a command but decide not to exe-
cute the command after all (you have already typed "$55" when you had
intended to type "$.55G").
(b) A command (or command string) that is being executed seems
to be doing more than you originally intended.
The way out of the fix is:
↑L -- Leap, abort
(CTRL)-L Abort the command (or command string) currently
being input or executed. Flush TTY input buffer.
NOTE: Typing "↑C" followed by "REE 'CR'" has a similar
effect, but can also have undesirable side effects. It
is recommended only in an emergency, when the ↑L fails.
Suppress Output
-------- ------
There are times when you do not want to wait for the whole win-
dow to be printed out (especially if you are connected to the system
over a slow communications line). You can interrupt the display gene-
ration by typing
↑O -- suppress Output (shut up)
Every other (CTRL)-O stops window generation, every other starts it
up again. Editing with self-calling strings can at times be speeded
up considerably by letting the editor run "in the dark".
Page 20
Repeating the Last Command
--------- --- ---- -------
A -- Again
[A] Repeat the last command but use count 1.
[5A] Repeat the last command using count 5.
$$A Repeat the last command the way it was originally given
(true for most commands).
The "A" command is a most versatile command since it can be
used for repeating almost any other command. Some commands might be
just as easily typed themselves again, but others are easier to re-
peat using the "A" command (for target commands it eliminates the
need to respecify the target).
In executing a command that requires a target, you should first
give a count that gets you almost there, and then finish up with the
"A" command.
STICKY COUNT. From the example above you might have noticed
that the original count is replaced by 1 when the command is repeat-
ed. To make the original count stick, type the original command with
two ESCs. For example, "[$2D'CR']" deletes two lines, "[A]" thereaf-
ter deletes two lines instead of one.
The "again" command has not yet been developed to its fullest,
but even in its current form is quite worthy of your consideration.
Obtaining Information
--------- -----------
Some information about the state of the editor is continually
displayed on the message line. If the text in the file contains con-
trol characters (and lowercase for TECs), additional means are needed
for determining the exact contents of a line of text.
= -- what's the character, where are we
[=] Print on message line the following (an example):
%A='141...X=59...P.L=20.38...17.45.. FILE1.;1
i.e.,
(a) current character is lowercase "A" ("%A" for lower-
case A, "↑A" for (CTRL)-A), and its octal value is
141;
(b) cursor is at column 59 of page 20 line 38;
(c) page 17 line 45 is the first line in the temporary
memory storage (that's how far you can back up with-
out having to wait); and
(d) the name of the file is "FILE1.;1".
Page 21
$$= Indicate, above the current line, the exact contents (upper-
case, lowercase, control characters) of the current line.
The following symbols are used on the indicator line:
Indicator
character Real character
. space or regular punctuation (40-100,133-137)
↑ (TECs only) uppercase letter (101-132)
← (TECs only) lowercase letter (141-172)
! (TECs only) lowercase punctuation (140,173-176)
BOX or * DEL, RUBOUT (177)
: TAB (11)
left-L or \ end of line (12,15)
@ NULL character, CTRL-@ (0)
A...Z CTRL-A,...,CTRL-Z (1-32)
[...← CTRL-[,...,CTRL-← (33-37)
(ESC is CTRL-[, TENEX EOL is CTRL-←)
The indicator line itself is indicated by the equals sign "="
at left and right margins in place of ":" or "*". It overprints the
line above the current line, but does not affect your file in any way.
"$-N" lets you view the messed-up line again.
"[A]" after an "=" command indicates the NEXT character or line.
N -- refresh screen ("N" for no-op)
[4N] Refresh (reprint) 4 lines starting from current line.
[-4N] Refresh 4 lines above the current line.
[0N] Refresh line 0 (the message line).
[$N] Refresh the entire screen.
Upper and Lower Case
----- --- ----- ----
Except for the ".L" and ".U" commands for converting old text to
lower or upper case, this and the next section are primarily of inter-
est to TEC users.
The "=" command allows you to see on an uppercase-only terminal
whether a character in the file is in upper or lower case. Here we
introduce commands for ENTERING text in either upper or lower case,
and for CHANGING the case shift of text that already is in the file.
An "L" or "U" on the message line tells whether the text being
typed is to be entered in upper or lower case. In starting the edit,
one is selected as the primary input case. Regardless of the primary
case, the current input case can be either "L" or "U" for the duration
of one or more input characters. When the current case differs from
the primary case, the current case letter on the message line blinks.
This is the program's way of reminding you that you are entering text
in the "wrong" (non-primary) case.
Page 22
H -- shift
[H] Shift (from "L" to "U" or from "U" to "L") for the next
input character.
NOTE: On TECs the preferred way to shift for one
character is to type the lower-left key of the 5 x 3
pad by itself. On DATAMEDIAs use the SHIFT key.
[8H] Shift next 8 input characters (or until end of line).
$$H Shift lock: Permanently shift the case.
NOTE: On TECs the preferred way to shift-lock is to
type the lower-left key of the 5 x 3 pad while the EDIT
key is depressed. On DATAMEDIAs use the LOCK key.
U, L -- enter in Upper/Lower case
[(n)U] Enter next (n) input(s) in upper case.
[(n)L] Enter next (n) input(s) in lower case.
The effect of these two commands is terminated by end of line.
.U, .L -- convert to Upper/Lower case
[(n).U] Convert (next n) character(s) to upper case.
[(n).L] Convert (next n) character(s) to lower case.
Lowercase Punctuation on Uppercase-Only Terminals (TECs): `{|}~
--------- ----------- -- --------- ---- --------- ---- -----
The reason for calling these characters "lowercase punctuation"
is that they do not appear on uppercase-only terminals. Refer to
Table 2 below to see how they are generated and displayed.
TABLE 2. "Lowercase Punctuation" on TECs
Octal Typed Displayed Otherwise
Character value as(*) at input displayed
time as as
` accent grave 140 @ ' @
{ left brace 173 [ < [
| vertical bar 174 \ ! \
} right brace 175 ] > ]
~ tilde 176 ↑ - ↑
NOTE: (*) To enter "lowercase punctuation" from the keyboard,
the case shift indicator on the message line must be
BLINKING, i.e., with a lowercase file you must be in
upper case and with an uppercase file in lower case.
Page 22:1
INPUT TIME DISPLAY. Ordinarily, these characters are displayed
as their uppercase equivalents. However, at input time they are not
displayed as the corresponding uppercase characters, but as other
characters that resemble the lowercase characters that they really
Page 23
are. Hopefully this draws your attention to the fact that what goes
in the file isn't exactly what you typed nor what you see on the
screen.
In character and string search, the uppercase equivalents are
to be typed as targets (just as is the case with lowercase letters).
You might be amused when searching for these characters on a newly
entered line.
The ".U" command does NOT convert lowercase punctuation char-
acters in your file to the corresponding uppercase characters.
Entering Arbitrary Characters
-------- --------- ----------
' -- ASCII value in octal
[']33'CR' Enter the ASCII character whose value is 33 (octal)
in the file.
NOTE: The octal number is accepted on the message line in
the same way as string search argument is. See "T" command.
Searching
---------
Several commands let you specify a target character or string.
The editor program will then find the target, and depending on the
command, will either point to it or delete text up to it. In many
instances the target commands, coupled with the "again" command, pro-
vide the most efficient means for pointing and deleting.
No distinction between upper and lower case is made in searching.
Search that does not find terminates string execution. The sig-
nificance of this is discussed later.
In the examples below, the letter "A" serves as an example. It
could be replaced by any character other than 'CR' or 'DEL'.
S -- character Search
[SA] Point to the next "A" on the current line.
[3SA] Point to the 3rd "A" (on the right).
[-3SA] Point to the 3rd "A" on the left of the current
character.
S 'DEL' -- word Search
Page 23:1
[S(n)'DEL'A] Point to the 1st (nth) word that is to the right
of the current word and starts with an "A".
[-S2'DEL'A] Point to the 2nd word starting with "A" that is to
the left of the current word.
Page 24
S 'CR' -- line Search
[S'CR'A] Point to the 1st line starting with "A" that is
below the current line. A line starts with "A"
if the first visible character is "A". SPACE and
TAB are invisible characters.
[-3S'CR'A] Point to the 3rd line starting with "A" that is
above the current line.
T <string> -- string search
[100T]THE'CR' Scan up to 100 LINES starting from current cursor
position (+1) and point to the first occurrence of
the word "THE".
$$TEND'CR' Scan for the first "END" that is to the right of
or below the current character.
NOTE: The count refers to the maximum number of LINES that
are to be scanned. The command is accepted in a standard
fashion up to, and including, the command letter "T". The
string argument is accepted on the message line, where 'DEL'
can be used for editing the argument string (it deletes from
the rear). The 'CR' that terminates the string argument is
displayed as a left-L or "\". String search command that
is given without a target (with empty target string) uses
the most recent string target:
$$T'CR' Search for the next occurrence of the string that
was last searched for.
Search-and-Delete
------ --- ------
Z -- delete (Zap) characters
[ZA] Delete characters on the right up to the 1st "A".
[-3ZA] Delete characters on the left up to and including
the 3rd "A".
Z 'DEL' -- delete (Zap) words
[Z'DEL'A] Delete words (on the right) up to the 1st start-
ing with "A".
[-3Z'DEL'A] Delete words (on the left) up to and including the
3rd one starting with "A".
Z 'CR' -- delete (Zap) lines
[Z'CR'A] Delete lines (downwards) up to the 1st starting
with "A".
[-3Z'CR'A] Delete lines (upwards) up to and including the 3rd
starting with "A".
Page 25
Recovering
----------
TV-Edit is forgiving. If you accidentally delete text, you can
recover it by "oopsing" right after the deletion occurred (no inter-
vening commands) or by recovering it later, provided that you have not
deleted more than about a windowfull in the intervening time. It is
always possible to "oops" what was just deleted.
O -- Oops
[O] Undo the last command provided it was a delete. If
it was not a delete but you have been editing a line,
restore the line to what it was when you started
editing it.
R 'DEL' -- Recover words
[(n)R'DEL'] Recover (n) most recently deleted word(s) and insert
on the current line.
$$R'DEL' Recover the words deleted with the last word-delete
command. Observes word-delete count and direction.
R 'CR' -- Recover lines
[(n)R'CR'] Recover (n) most recently deleted line(s) and insert
above the current line. Will undo "[(n)D'CR']".
[-3R'CR'] Recover three most recently deleted lines and insert
them below the current line. Will undo "[-3D'CR']".
$$R'CR' Recovers the lines deleted by the last line-delete
command the best it can. Observes last line-delete
count and direction (up or down).
NOTE: The maximum number of lines recovered by one "R"
command is restricted to the number of lines between the
current line and the top or bottom of window, depending
on the direction of the command. It is therefore at
times necessary to execute the command more than once to
get all the saved lines (maximum of 24) back in the file.
The editor "remembers" the number of items (words or lines) last
deleted, and the direction of deleting. The double ESC version of
the "R" command uses this information to limit the extent of the re-
covered material. You can override the internal settings by giving
your own sign and count with the command.
The word and line recovery mechanisms are independent of each
other. No corresponding character recovery mechanism exists.
Page 26
Breaking and Joining of Lines
-------- --- ------- -- -----
B -- Break a line
[B] Cut current line into two at where the cursor is.
A way to insert blank lines without going to insert mode is to
do a "[B]" while the cursor is at the beginning of a line.
J -- Join two lines
[J] Join current line to the one below.
[-J] Join current line to the one above.
Moving Text
------ ----
Breaking and joining of lines is one form of rearranging. How-
ever, it does not allow you to change the order of the text. Delet-
ing lines or words and then recovering them someplace else makes
reordering possible. Here are other commands for reordering, as well
as for producing duplicate copies of words and lines. Strings (see
below) provide still another method of moving text.
M 'CR', M 'DEL' -- Move a line, Move a word
[(n)M'CR'] Move the current line down over one line (n lines).
This command never moves past a page mark, or bottom
(or top) of window.
[-2M'DEL'] Move current word left over two words.
C 'CR', C 'DEL' -- Copy lines, Copy words
[5C'CR'] Duplicate this and next 4 lines.
The number of lines copied is restricted by a page
mark or bottom (or top if "-C") of window.
[C'DEL'] Duplicate the current word.
.D 'CR', .D 'DEL' -- "remember" lines/words
[.D'CR'] Save a copy of the current line for later recovering.
[-3.D'CR'] Save copies of this and two preceding lines.
[$.D'DEL'] Save copies of words from here to end of line.
Page 26:1
NOTE: The ".D" command uses the same mechanisms as the
"D" command for saving lines or words. They are recovered
by the appropriate "R" commands. In addition to leaving
the file intact (only the cursor moves), the ".D" command
causes internal counting whose function is to hang onto all
the lines (words) that have been stored with the corre-
Page 27
sponding ".D" command or subsequent delete commands. When
the internal storage is full, a message asking you to re-
trieve deleted lines (words) will appear. A line (word)
once stored using the ".D" command has to be retrieved
sooner or later to get rid of that message and allow un-
restricted deleting.
Command Strings (Macros)
------- ------- ------
TV-Edit has the means for storing a sequence of typed commands
and text as a string in such a way that at some later time you can
reexecute the sequence by typing just one character, the string ID.
Strings allow you to design your own super commands.
A string in TV-Edit consists of the string ID character, also
called the name of the string or the string call character, fol-
lowed by the effective string (the part that gets executed). Most
control characters are valid string ID characters. The following
ones are not: ↑@, ↑C, ↑I, ↑J, ↑L, ↑M, ↑O, ↑T, and ↑[. The
effective string may contain string calls (names of other strings),
including calls of itself.
Some commands are restricted so as to work only if entered from
the keyboard. An attempt to execute such commands under string con-
trol results in (orderly) string execution abort, and a message to
that effect will be displayed. This is the editor program's way of
preventing excessive damage by runaway strings.
In addition to illegal commands, string execution abort can be
caused by other internal conditions, for example:
(a) Execution has been under string control for the last 1000
"input" characters. This is a precaution against "looping" strings.
(b) Search fails. This makes automatic search-substitute fea-
sible. It is safe to define a string "↑Q[SA]B'DEL'↑Q", where ↑Q is
the string ID) and use it to replace all "A"s by "B"s on a line.
String execution terminates when the cursor reaches end of line and
fails to find more "A"s.
(c) String "attempts" to delete more lines (words) than can be
recovered. It is always possible to undelete the lines (words) de-
leted by the string just executed. No such precaution against char-
acter deletion exists.
(d) String "attempts" to delete a page mark or write on a page
mark. A useful device for stopping self-calling strings.
/ -- begin or end string definition
Page 27:1
[/]↑QABC[/] Define the string "↑QABC", (CTRL)-Q is the string
ID, the effective string is "ABC". This is the
standard way of defining strings.
[/]↑WXYZ[A] Define the string "↑WXYZ↑W". The first (CTRL)-W
is the string ID, the second (last) is a self-call
Page 28
due to terminating the string definition with an
"[A]" instead of "[/]". The effective string is
"XYZ↑W".
After typing the initial "[/]", the message ".TYPE.STRING.ID."
appears. After you type it (say, ↑Q), the message changes to ".DE-
FINING..". It disappears as soon as you type the terminating "[/]"
or "[A]", or the ↑L.
If the ID you type is invalid or already defined, you will be
properly warned and given a chance to try again.
UNDEFINING. If you type the terminating "[/]" right after the
string ID has been accepted, the ID is freed (string undefined). An-
other way to undefine a string is to abort (with ↑L) while defining
a string. All strings can be undefined at once using the "$$.R0"
command explained further down.
R <string ID> -- Retrieve a string
[R]↑Q Writes (inserts) the string for ↑Q in your file.
" -- define a string from file
["] Define a string: Take the current character as string ID,
the immediately following text, up to "$/" or page mark,
as the effective string.
The "R<ID>" command saves strings on the file the way 'quote'
command wants to see them.
MOVING TEXT. The strings provide one more method of copying and
moving text. You can use the 'double quote' command to store up to
a windowfull of text "under" a control character, and retrieve it
with the "R" command (or by entering insert mode and typing the con-
trol character--risky if the text contains control characters which
are string calls). After retrieving, some clean-up might be neces-
sary. To avoid overflowing the SAIL string space (and blowing up the
editor), store only few pages of text under control characters at
once, and "undefine" the control characters as soon as you have re-
trieved the text you want.
Page 28:1
Saving and Loading of Sets of Strings
------ --- ------- -- ---- -- -------
Currently defined strings form a set. File 'TV-STRINGS.PMAP'
in your directory is for storing sets of strings. Sets in the string
file are identified by the letters A,...,Z. The letters refer to
TENEX pages of the file (letter "A" to page 101 octal, etc.).
The set in memory at the time of finish is referred to as the
MOST RECENT SET, and is automatically stored on page 0 of the string
file when finishing, and loaded when starting the editor. This pro-
vides continuity from one editing session to the next.
Page 29
.D <letter> -- save (Dump) strings
$$.Dx Save current strings on page x of TV-STRINGS.PMAP.
$$.D. Save current strings on a "letter" page last specified
during this editing session.
NOTE: The set in memory REPLACES the designated set in
the string file. If the set in memory is empty (as a
result of "$$.R0", see below), the string file page in
question is deleted.
.R <letter> -- load (Read) strings
$$.Rx Load (merge) strings from page x of the string file.
$$.R. Load strings last specified by a letter during the
current editing session.
$$.R0 Clear strings from memory.
NOTE: The set in the file is MERGED to the set in memory.
Thus a string in memory is redefined only if it is defined
in the set being loaded from file.
If x is not a letter (non-0 digit, for instance), the most
recent set is assumed.
Page 30
5. WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR DIRECTORY AND FILES
==== ======= == ==== ========= === =====
In its current form TV-Edit uses two files for write-mode edit-
ing, OLD and NEW. The old file is the one you specify at the be-
ginning of edit. Let it be "FILE1.A". The editor creates a new file
and gives it the name "#FILE1-A.TV". When the message ".YOU.WILL
.HAVE.TO.WAIT..." appears, file "#FILE1-A.TV" is closed and holds
the updated file. It is renamed to "FILE1.A", and the old "FILE1.A"
vanishes. Failure to rename "#FILE1-A.TV" to "FILE1.A" does not
mean that you have lost your work. It is there, but under a new name.
If an editing session is aborted either by ↑C system call or
by a system crash, the "#name-ext.TV" file contains the beginning of
the new file. Use TVFIX and TMERGE programs if you want to recover
the work from the aborted session.
WARNING: If you switch between SOS and TV-Edit, the SOS line
number are not displayed. If you specify read-only mode, they of
course stay intact in your file, but they vanish if you edit in write
mode. Also, BASIC line numbers are of the disappearing variety.
Page 31
6. IN CASE OF TROUBLE
== ==== == =======
1. MESSED-UP SCREEN. Type $$N to refresh.
2. RUNAWAY CURSOR. Cursor is off the main screen and every com-
mand seems to just ring the bell. Type
[1X1Y]
to get cursor to beginning of line 1.
3. RUNAWAY PROGRAM. Try ↑L first. If that fails, type
↑C to stop the program. Once stopped, type
REE 'CR' for REENTER, to get back to the editor,
$$N to refresh the screen.
If that fails, type ↑C again and give up. You lose.
4. FILE "name.ext" LOST. Check your directory for the file
#name-ext.TV
It possibly is the updated file. Run the program TVFIX, specify
file "#name-ext.TV", and check what is in the file (use Read-only
mode). Then either merge (use TMERGE) file "#name-ext.TV" to file
"name.ext" or rename "#name-ext.TV" to "name.ext".
5. You are typing to the EXEC instead of the editor. You (acci-
dentally) typed ↑C. If you want to save your editing, type
CONT 'CR' to continue,
$$N to refresh the screen.
6. MYSTERIOUS MESSAGES. Some messages are there to help you,
others are for debugging the editor program. The latter are of the
form:
cryptic name: cryptic story
where the name is a name of a procedure, and the story a description
of the error condition. These debugging messages are accompanied by
long ringing of the bell. Two are known to surface from time to time:
"SETXY: EMPTY W[1]" when starting to edit an old file that is of zero
length, and "LOPTAIL: TS > MAXS INITIALLY" when the old file contains
lines longer than 132 characters. Other debugging messages should be
brought to the attention of the author. It ought to be safe to con-
tinue after such messages.
Page 32
APPENDIX I. NOTATION USED IN THIS MANUAL
======== -------- ---- -- ---- ------
$ ESC key, also called ALT MODE or ENTER.
'ESC' ESC key.
'CR' (Carriage) Return key.
'LF' Line Feed key.
'DEL' DELETE or RUBOUT key.
'SPACE' Space bar.
(CTRL)-A Control characters are typed with the aid of the CONTROL
CTRL-A key. Shown here are three "standard" ways of indicat-
↑A ing CTRL-A.
(EDIT)-A Edit characters are typed with the aid of the EDIT key.
[...] Brackets indicate typing that is done while holding
down the EDIT key. (EDIT)-A and [A] mean the same
thing.
<...> Brokets are sometimes used to enclose a description of
required arguments.
(...) Parentheses are sometimes used to enclose optional
arguments or information.
"..." Double quotes are used inside text to delimit a command
or a string.
APPENDIX II. TEC/DATAMEDIA TV-EDIT COMMANDS
======== --- --------- -- ---- --------
NOTATION:
$ ESC, ALT MODE. Instead of typing the ESC and then the
command, you can hold down the EDIT key (orange on TECs)
as you type the command. They mean the same thing.
↑ Control character indicator
CR (Carriage) Return key
LF Line Feed key
SPACE Space bar
DEL DELETE or RUBOUT key
- minus sign before command letter is optional (its effect
is to do the command backwards)
n count before command letter is optional (its effect is to
"repeat" the command n times)
w "word mode" option available (type 'DEL' after command
letter to delete (insert, etc.) words)
l "line mode" option available (type 'CR' after command
letter to delete (insert, etc.) lines)
c command requires a target character
s command requires a (target) string argument
numbers page numbers in this manual
Pseudo-commands (not seen by the command interpreter):
------ --------
↑A Again. Repeat last command. (Predefined string
call), 20
↑L Leap. Abort a command, 19
↑O Suppress output, 19
SHIFT/ Invert keyboard input case. Generated by lower-left-
SHIFT LOCK corner key of the 5 x 3 pad (TECs only), 22
Genuine commands (seen by the command interpreter):
------- --------
$n LF Cursor down, 14
$-n CR Cursor down, by lines, 15
$-n SPACE Cursor right, by characters, 14
$-n DEL Cursor left, by characters, or up, by lines, 15
$ " Define a string to be the text on a file, 28
$ ' s Enter a character in octal. s must be octal string, 23
$n ( Cursor left, by words, 15
$n ) Cursor right, by words, 15
$ / Begin/end of string definition, 27
$n < Cursor left by columns, 14
$ = Where are we, what's the character? 20
$$ = Indicate uppercase/lowercase/control characters of
$n > Cursor right, by columns, 14
$n \ Cursor down, 14
$n ↑ Cursor up, 14
$ @ Go to next place according to Place List, 5, 6, 13
$-n A Again. Repeat last command, 20
$ B Break a line, 26
$-n C wl Copy words or lines, 26
$-n D wl Delete words or lines, 16, 17
$-n .D wl Hide (store) copies of words or lines, 26
$$ .D c Dump strings in TV-STRINGS.PMAP file, 29
$$ .D. Dump strings in currently assigned set, 29
$ F Save-and-Continue, 12
$$ F Finish, 12
$p.l G Go to Page p Line l, 13
$n H Shift next n input characters (for TECs), 22
$$ H Shift lock (for TECs), 22
$n I wl Enter insert mode, insert, 17, 18
$- J Join two lines, 26
$-n K Delete characters, 17
$n L Shift to lower case (for TECs), 22
$n .L Convert text to lower case, 22
$-n M wl Move a word or a line, 26
$ N Refresh current line, 21
$ 0N Refresh message line, 21
$-n N Refresh n lines, 21
$$ N Refresh entire screen, 21
$ O Oops. Undo the delete, 25
$- P Insert a page mark, 18
$-n R wl Recover words or lines, 25
$ R c Retrieve a string, enter it in file, 28
$$ .R c Read strings from TV-STRINGS.PMAP file, 29
$$ .R. Read currently assigned set of strings, 29
$$ .R0 Clear strings, 29
$-n S wlc Character search, 23, 24
$n T s String search, 24
$n U Shift to upper case (for TECs), 22
$n .U Convert text to upper case, 22
$-n W Window, 13
$n X Cursor to column n of window, 14
$$n X Set window width to n columns, 11
$n Y Cursor to line n of window, 14
$$n Y Set window height to n lines, 13
$-n Z wlc "Zap", delete to a target character, 24